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NOVA - Official Website . It is a ruin that defies explanation. Who were the. mysterious people who built it and why did they build it here? With no defensive wall, it doesn't look like a. Instead, there are fountains and small pools, temples and strange.

Now, new research is solving these mysteries in. VALERIE ANDRUSHKO. Southern Connecticut State University): To me, this is the type of injury more indicative of a weapon, possibly. NARRATOR: There are clues far below the city and underneath.

Will all these revelations. Ghosts of Machu Picchu to rest? Right now, on this Nova/National.

Geographic special. Perched at 8,0. 00 feet on a narrow ridge in the. Andes, Machu Picchu is a remote and mysterious ancient wonder. Spread across the top of this ridge are more than. Some appear to be homes, others temples. They surround a one- acre. It is a lost city, whose doorways and passages.

There are no written clues in the city, no. At its highest point, the mystery only deepens. There, a beautifully carved pillar stands, a. From this lofty height, the views leave one.

How did the builders get all this stone up here and. Who built Machu Picchu? And why did they build it in this impossible. Even more perplexing, why did they abandon it?

He has one of the most precarious. His path was built by a people who were. Inca. They rose to power in the mid- 1. Much of their 1. 0,0. They left other evidence that they were master. Their terraces, canals and stone cities rival those of.

Rome. But unlike the ancient Romans, they did all of this without the. The Inca did have a calculating system, using. So, much of what we do know comes from the Spanish who conquered them. These accounts carry the bias of conquerors. A different view comes from an Inca artist named. Guaman Poma. Poma was born shortly after the Spanish arrived in Peru, so he was. He produced hundreds of simple drawings.

Inca history of conquest. From both these sources, we know the Inca were. They fed their people by transforming steep. It's believed that. Inca times than is today in modern Peru. How To Watch Keeping Up With The Joneses (2016) Movie.

But the most surprising detail about the Inca is. Then, their empire was decimated, first by.

Spanish Conquistadors. From the Spanish, we know that the last Inca.

Vilcabamba. The Inca. Vilcabamba for 3. Spanish. destroyed the city. Strangely, they left no written record of where. Vilcabamba was born. It was a mystery that had powerful allure. Almost 3. 50 years later, it pulled an American.

Hiram Bingham here on a quest to find it. On the morning of July. Bingham, camera at the ready, reached the top of a ridge and stepped. Today, those pictures are. Bingham's discovery.

But. what, exactly, had he found? He called it by its local name, Machu Picchu, but.

Vilcabamba. A year later, when his team. Bingham believed he'd found the evidence to make. After thorough examination, Bingham and his bone. Dr. George Eaton, reached an astonishing conclusion: 8. JOHN VERANO (Tulane.

University): Eaton's data gave a. Four to one. really would be a tremendous bias, and I think that's what got Eaton excited. Selected. around the age of eight, these virgins served the Inca emperor for the rest of. Bingham guessed that when the last Inca king. Spanish, he took his sacred virgins. The skeletons of the virgins confirmed that this.

Vilcabamba. JOHN VERANO: Clearly, for him, it created a great magical. NARRATOR: When published in the April, 1. National. Geographic, the story was an overnight sensation.

Bingham became a star. The only problem was that the theory was wrong. When forensic. anthropologist, John Verano, reexamined them, he found that the sex of the. Eaton's four to one ratio. To figure out the sex of a skeleton, you have to.

Eaton's references were. European or African descent. JOHN VERANO: People in the Andes are, are relatively short. And I can only guess that what he was looking at was bone. And children and virgins just didn't add up. JOHN VERANO: I just, I can't find evidence to support that idea.

Virgins of the Sun. I think that that can be pretty well ruled. NARRATOR: Without the virgins or any sign of Spanish. Bingham's theory that this was. Vilcabamba. So what was it?

With so few written records, archeologists, like. Fernando Astete, must piece together clues about Machu Picchu's history. And he thinks he's just found one in a nearby town. Patallacta. FERNANDO ASTETE (Translation).

Patallacta was important because it. Machu Picchu. NARRATOR: Patallacta is a few hours walk from Machu Picchu. Inca trail through the region. It is the closest place to Machu. Picchu where large- scale farming could have taken place.

FERNANDO ASTETE (Translation). The people who lived at Patallacta weren't.

They could have been. NARRATOR: Astete's best hope for understanding Machu Picchu. Above the old Inca town, up a nearly vertical.

Astete and. fellow archaeologist, Elva Torres, believe it may be undisturbed, a gravesite. Before the tomb can be opened, Astete's Quechua. Inca forbearers would have done. Astete and Torres have investigated many other. Most are far more accessible.

ELVA TORRES PINO. Peruvian Culture Institute/Translation): This tomb has been constructed. They're simply in caves, in natural rock.

NARRATOR: In the dim tomb light.. As Torres enters the cramped tomb, the find only. ELVA TORRES PINO (Translation).

It appears there's a couple of. NARRATOR: But as she investigates, she finds a lot more.

ELVA TORRES PINO (Translation). Well, this problem regarding fractures, they. They could have been from a fall, something. They can't be sure until they take a closer look in the lab.

There, Torres is joined by bio- archeologist. Valerie Andrushko. Right away, they find some surprises in the. Patallacta. They're full of holes. It's the sign of a procedure. VALERIE ANDRUSHKO: Trepanation is the partial removal of part of the skull, that the Inca. Our understanding is that trepanation was often done.

NARRATOR: It's skull surgery, and healed wounds found. Inca were skilled at using it to treat head. VALERIE ANDRUSHKO: When we see evidence for trauma, the question is always, is it related.

This individual right here, this is a complete. It has perforated all the way to the frontal. This type of injury is not the type of injury that. To me, this is the type of injury more. NARRATOR: In fact, several skulls from the tombs show signs. So these. weren't builders; they were, likely, warriors.

Possibly, these individuals may have been engaged. Machu. Picchu. This revelation stands in stark contrast to the. Machu Picchu as a religious sanctuary. This is a city dominated by sacred temples and. Temple of the Three Windows; the Temple of the Condor, named for. Temple of the Sun, built. Intihuatana. The evidence seems to be in conflict: was Machu.

Picchu a military fortress or was it a religious center? The answer can perhaps be found in the ancient. Cusco, where the descendants of the Inca still live. Every year, during the Roman Catholic festival of. Corpus Christi, statues of the Virgin Mary, along with 1. These performers may be paying homage to.

Christian saints, but the instruments they play and the steps they move to are. Inca in origin. That's because this Corpus Christi procession is a. Christian revision of an Inca ritual. Five hundred years ago, the Inca also processed. Cusco, but they didn't carry statues of saints. They carried the.

It was likely one of these kings who built Machu. Picchu. The quality of the stonework alone suggests the city was royal.

Since the Inca Empire only lasted 1. The accounts of a Spanish Jesuit named Bernab.

But no one could ever prove that Pachacuti built Machu Picchu. A small clue was hidden in his name, which means. He was the one who started. Cusco region, and the Inca Empire began to expand. Incas before. NARRATOR: What we know of Pachacuti's history is due in. Father Cobo. Cobo arrived in Peru after the conquest in the.

Inca. According to Father Cobo, Pachacuti was renowned. FATHER BERNAB. But the most convincing evidence. Pachacuti to Machu Picchu comes from a Spanish register, held in the. Cusco. Dated 1. 56.